The Case Of The Elusive Car Salesman Essays - Transport,

The Case of the Elusive Car Salesman Subject: English --Short Story The Case of the Elusive Car Salesman I was pacing around Lexington, waiting for my local mechanic to finish the latest repairs on my ?77 Chevy Impala. My name's Yesterday, Sam Yesterday. It was hot in Lexington, by that is not uncommon for mid-July. I'd had a good several months, and I was in good financial position for the first time since I bought that Impala back in 1977. That car had served me well, but lately it had been failing. Maybe it was time for a trade, I thought; so I walked over to the nearest friendly (sort of) car dealership. As soon as I set foot on the shiny showroom floor, it seized me. It was the most beautiful thing I had ever seen. A sparkling combination of steel, leather, electronics, and a very large engine. The muscle car had been revitalized in the form of a 1995 Chevy Impala SS. It was sleek, resembling the type of car Darth Vader would drive. I grabbed the nearest salesman, hopped into the body hugging leather bucket, fired up the 275 bhp. LT1 engine and took off. As the 6-speaker CD stereo belted out Aerosmith the poor salesman tried to sell me a car that had already sold itself. I had fallen in love, it was the only car that I had loved since that ?77 Impala. It had an engine large enough to satisfy my primitive need for power, an image that screamed "Hey you with the radar gun! See if you can catch me!" Granted, it was heavy, it had watery boat-like handling, and drank gas like my Uncle Bubba drinks beer. Still, I loved it. It wasn't Japanese, German, Korean, or otherwise. It was a big hunk of purebred, American muscle car, dammit. I picked out a nice shiny new one, called the bank and drove home in my new wheels. I decided to spring for all the bells and whistles; leather, CD player, alarm system, keyless entry, etc. I figured that if this car was going to run as long as my last Impala it should be well-equipped. As I was admiring the view from my office in the Financial Center, the phone rang. I answered and was greeted by a rather hysterical woman named Diane who thought that she had been cheated by her car dealership. "That evil Car salesman has kidnaped my car!" she explained. I calmed her down and asked what happened. "Well, Larry, the salesman, picked up my Lexus for servicing, just as usual. Also as usual, he left a more expensive car as a loaner. Later in the day, I received a call saying that my car had been destroyed. Larry said that one of the technicians had accidentally cranked it right up into the ceiling while it was sitting on the lift. I found it hard to believe, but he promised me a new model if I would just come over and sign the papers. As soon as I arrived, Larry said that he would credit me the value of the car if I wanted to by a nicer mor expensive model. I agreed and ended up with a lovely new sports coupe." "Nice car," I remarked, realizing that the salesman was making a tidy profit on the transaction. "Yes, it is. But I still miss my Essie." "Essie?" I interrupted, quizzically. "Yes, Essie was the name of my old car, the ES300, I loved Essie, and the new car wasn't the same." "You had a brand new $55,000 Lexus, which you got for only $25,00 and you miss you older $35,000 Lexus?" I asked, beginning to wonder whether she was playing this game with a full deck. "Yes, I did. So, anyway, I read the article in the paper covering the incident, and was struck by something. The general manager said that he was baffled, because there are safety mechanisms on the lifts, preventing them from going that high. I also realized that Larry would be making his regular commission on a $55,000 Lexus, and not a $25,000 one, because the payment for the ES was made by the insurance company after the sale. So, not only had he made money on Essie, but on the new car as well." "Interesting. Is that all?" I asked. "Yes. If the accident wasn't really an accident, I want to know, and I want a lot more than a new sports coupe, that car meant a lot to me." She concluded,

A Very Scary Tooth Fairy Professor Ramos Blog

A Very Scary Tooth Fairy What is the golden rule? Why do people worry if they do bad things that bad things will happen to them? There is a saying what comes around goes around but what does that mean? The fear of karma is real and keeps some people walking on eggshells. There are many who do not believe in karma even though it can be traced back to the bible, in the book of Luke it says â€Å"do to other as you would have them do to you† (6:31). Karma can come in many forms but for this paper karma comes in the form of a hideous vengeful banshee known as the Tooth Fairy. This vengeful sprit wreaks havoc on the town who wronged her. The Tooth Fairy has always been an iconic symbol of childhood and represented as a good fairy like those seen in Walt Disney’s fairy characters, until the 2003 horror, mystery suspense movie Darkness Falls introduced a quite different type of Tooth Fairy that we had grown up to know. This evil specter has taken the very wanting tradition of exchange of teeth for money to a whole new level. When children of the town Darkness Falls lose their last baby tooth or milk tooth as referred to in some other cultures, this evil Tooth Fairy comes to collect their teeth and for those who so happen to awake and look upon her face will not only lose their tooth but their life. As stated in Cohens thesis VII â€Å"this thing of darkness I acknowledge mine†, society creates our monsters as this dark fairy is the product of a towns sinful act of murder of an innocent woman (Cohen 20). Fueled by revenge for her murder and an evil not known to us, this murderous Tooth Fairy takes her revenge out on the town’s children for generations to come. The monstrous tooth collector in my opinion makes an excellent monster that would frighten any child but since this evil specter only kills the children of Darkness Falls, I feel this tooth fairy has limited herself to the rest of the world making her less menacing. The Tooth Fairy in a black cloak and porcelain mask that covers her hideous burnt face is an image that would give any child nightmares, but what would be more frightening than the realization that this story of the Tooth Fairy is based on true events. What great monster doesn’t originate from legend? Darkness Falls evil Tooth Fairy originates from the legend of Matilda Dixon. The movie was inspired by events that occurred over the last 150 years in the small town of Port Fairy, Australia. The biography film of Matilda Dixon explains in short: her life in Port Fairy and events that lead to her death, also the cover up of her murder thereafter. Matilda was born December 24, 1803 and worked in a bakery. Matilda would bake a special cake for the children in exchange for their baby teeth earning her the name the Tooth Fairy, until one day in 1840 Matilda had an oven fire which burned most of her face and body. Matilda wore a porcelain mask on her face and refused to go out into the daylight because of the sensitivity to light. She did not let kids come over to her home and Matilda did not bake anymore but she still gave the children gifts for their baby teeth. Matilda would wait for the town to sleep before going out into the night with cloak and mask. The children left their teeth in handkerchiefs tacked to their doors and Matilda would leave small amounts of change in exchange for them. The towns people thought this behavior was weird but allowed it because of Matilda’s kind nature. Until September 23, 1841 two children went missing and Matilda was blamed and hung to death by a drunken mob only later to realize that the children were safe at home. Cohen specifies in monster thesis IV that â€Å" the monster is difference made flesh, come to dwell among us†, this helps us to understand that the people saw Matilda as being different therefore once the a child went missing she was easily made into an insidious child murder (Cohen 7). Matilda cursed the town with her dying breath saying, â€Å"what I took before in kindness I will take forever in revenge†. The towns people buried her along with their secret, but like all secretes they are revealed sooner or later. The Movie Darkness Falls is exactly what a horror movie should be; fun, scary, fast paced, with plenty of jump moments. The movie is enjoyable to watch with your children (PG-13 of course) and I would recommend it to those who enjoy the genre. The movie starts off with a back story of the legend of Matilda Dixon, then fast forwards to modern time were a boy named Kyle Walsh is in a restroom retrieving his last baby tooth from his bloody mouth. Later that night Kyle practices the tradition of leaving his tooth on his end table for the Tooth Fairy. Kyle is asleep when the Tooth Fairy enters the room. Kyle accidentally wakes up to see the Tooth Fairy floating above his bed wearing a black cloak and a porcelain mask. The Tooth Fairy lets out a shriek like a banshee from the old Irish mythologies and tries to kill Kyle from this time on. Kyle manages to escape but his mother sees the frightening facial image in the mirror while going to investigate his room and is killed instantly by the tooth procuring dark fairy. From that point on he is considered crazy by the towns people. Years later, Kyle must return home to confront his past, and save his childhood sweetheart’s son from an unrelenting evil that has plagued the town of Darkness Falls for over 150 years. Even if this wicked tooth fairies’ actions of revenge were justified her hideous appearance alone instantly categorizes her as a monster and her less than appealing looks leaves her burnt, decomposing body not to be desired. Cohens monster thesis I tells us that â€Å"the monster signifies something other than itself†, this allows me to believe that burnt body of Matilda Dixon is a representation of the Salem Witch Trials? In the late 1600’s 19 innocent women were found guilty of witchcraft and executed by hanging others were burned at the stake. Matilda was accused of wrongdoing and hung because the people saw her practices weird. Even though it is not stated in the movie it could be said that the town’s people saw the strange behavior of collecting baby teeth as a form of witchcraft. Different cultures have their beliefs in tooth disposal as stated in Donald Capps academic journal The Tooth Fairy â€Å"parents believed that it was very bad for them to let their child’s baby tooth fall into the hands of a witch or an evil spirit because, if this should happen, the witch or spirit could gain a magical power over the child†(Capps and Carlin 269). The Toothy Fairy has not been associated with one specific look but has appeared in countless shapes and sizes. According to Cohens thesis III â€Å"the refusal to participate in the classificatory orders of things is true of monsters,† therefore the tooth fairy is monstrous (6). In Joyce Graham’s book The Tooth Fairy she describes the Tooth Fairy â€Å"as a creature with two dark eyes, shiny like green-black carapace of a beetle, lurking under a matted shock of black hair and tangled elfin locks with a mouthful of blue light, teeth like sharpen daggers and standing about four feet†(Graham 17). In the short film Tooth Fairy by Joe Harris he tells of a Tooth Fairy that does far more wicked things than just take baby teeth left for her in the night. The Tooth Fairy in this film scratches out the boy’s eyes for peeking while in the middle of her toothy duties. However, the Tooth Fairy is represented I can agree that it shares the characteristic of a monster. Overall, the Tooth Fairy horror genre was entertaining and enjoyable to watch. The Darkness Falls take on the Tooth Fairy myth melded with other folklore created an image of true monstrosities. The towns people of Port Fairy insidious act of murder of an innocent woman and the karma that took form an evil tooth banshee bent on revenge. Researching the different cultures and traditions of tooth lore and applying Cohens Monster Culture (Seven Theses) to my research has open my eyes to a whole new world of understanding why these monsters exist and continue to regenerate through time, also what frightens us most is not what we see but the unknown of what lies in the darkness waiting. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Capps, Donald, and Nathan Carlin. â€Å"The Tooth Fairy: Psychological Issues Related to Baby Tooth Loss and Mythological Working Through.†Pastoral Psychology, vol. 63, no. 3, June 2014, pp. 265–280. This article focuses on the Tooth Fairy legend that emerged in the United States and Britain in the nineteenth century. Legends that are presented from around the world tell of rituals dealing with the loss of baby teeth. I will use information from this article to argue about the development of the Tooth Fairy in different cultures. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture: Seven Theses.† From Monster Theory: Reading Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. 3-25. The Monster Culture (Seven Theses) gives examples and explains how the world has created monsters throughout the centuries. The seven theses are break down characteristics, actions and images of the monsters of society and what propels them to live on in our culture. I will incorporate information from the thesis to evaluate the tooth fairy in my monster evaluation. â€Å"Darkness Falls (2003).† YouTube, uploaded by You Tube Movies, Provider Sony Movies Shows, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhN30C8ZpLw. This movie is about Matilda Dixon (aka The Tooth Fairy) exacting her revenge on the town of Darkness Fall. Darkness Falls is based off the legend of Matilda Dixon, but instead of occurring in Australia where the legend originated the story takes place in the United States. Matilda comes for the last baby tooth of the children of Darkness Falls and if they look upon her face, she will take their life. I will evaluate this avenging tooth fairy that Matilda has become for my monster evaluation. Joyce, Graham. The Tooth Fairy. Great Britain, Signet Books, a division of the Penguin group, 1996. This is a short story about a young boy growing up in England in the 1960s. The boy is haunted by a demonic Tooth Fairy who gets him into all sorts of trouble. The description and my perception of Graham Joyce’s evil Toothy Fairy will be incorporated in my monster evaluation. â€Å"movieweb Darkness Fall The Legend of Matilda Dixon MovieWeb com.† YouTube, uploaded by Samuel Thompson, 8 April 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GYSf32mJ_Yt=33s. Legend of Matilda Dixon gives a short biography of her life in the town of Port Fairy, Australia. Interviews with people that live in Port Fairy tell tales of how Matilda would give gifts to the children in exchange for their baby teeth, earning the name the Tooth Fairy. One day two children went missing and an angry drunken mob blamed Matilda. Matilda was hung by the neck by the mob only to find later that the children were fine at home in their bed. The legend of Matilda Dixon will be used in monster evaluation as an origin of the monstrous tooth fairy. â€Å"Tooth Fairy (2019) Trailer.† YouTube, uploaded by Wicked Thrilling Freaks, 29 November 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDbQCD_p7xo. The Tooth Fairy is a supernatural horror film released in Britain 2018. The Tooth fairy is a tale about an evil tooth fairy who rips out teeth. The images and actions of the evil tooth fairy will be used as a primary source of my monster evaluation.

Freud on Oedipus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freud on Oedipus - Essay Example The Oedipal complex as described by Freud indicates men wished to possess their mothers in much the same way that their fathers did. â€Å"It is the fate of all of is, perhaps, to direct our first sexual impulse towards our mother and our first hatred and our first murderous wish against our father† (Freud, 2006). According to Freud’s theory, in identifying with the male gender, boys begin to see their fathers as competition and begin wishing they could replace their fathers and marry their mothers. Freud’s theory held that children suffering the guilt and frustration of the oedipal complex, in which the child unconsciously desires an intimate relationship with the parent of the opposite sex and the removal of the parent of the same sex, who are incapable of solving this conflict on their own eventually grow up to become criminals as they seek alleviation from this guilt through punishment. To illustrate his point, he continuously goes back to the story of Oedipu s to illustrate these ideas. In the play, Oedipus is fated at birth to grow up to kill his father and marry his mother, so his natural father orders that he be abandoned to the wilderness expecting that he will die of exposure to the elements. However, the crying baby was rescued by a shepherd and taken to the neighboring monarchs, who were sadly childless, to be raised as their son. All of this history was unknown to Oedipus when he took leave of his parents at an appropriate age to go question the Oracle about his future. As he is leaving the Oracle, Laius, seeking a solution to a Sphinx problem back in Thebes, is approaching. The two come together at a place where three roads meet and they argue over who has the right of way. Their argument turns into a fight and Oedipus kills Laius never knowing who he really is, thus fulfilling the first part of the prophecy without even knowing it. Because he is

Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Migration - Essay Example As I see it, the only reason why females are preferred for contractual labor is that they are considered to be more tolerant to hardships and subsequently less likely to surge against the current system. Despite the obvious benefits of employing both male and female laborers for agricultural work, the global North, in contrast to that of the South, tend to favor the males. Aside from the possible reasons indicated in the study of Preibisch and Grez, one possible reason is that females are, by history, put in harder types of labor than males are. The differences in the economic status of Canada and Mexico may explain why the preferences for agricultural laborers are different. In Mexico, wherein agriculture is the largest and most financially active economic sector, and thus has the most labor intensive jobs available. In high income countries such as Canada, for example, the agriculture sector enjoys technological advancements, such as tractors and milling machines, that make work in the fields easier. Thus the most labor-intensive and, subsequently the jobs that the native Canadians prefer not to take, are those in the care giving and domestic help sectors. Consequently, the jobs in these sectors are those that are made available to the migrant workers.

The force you exert Essay Example for Free

The force you exert Essay The target of this investigation is to find out how the force you exert on pulling back a rubber band, which will in turn catapult an empty margarine tub, affect the distance which the margarine tub will travel. We will not be changing any of the other factors of the experiment, only the force and extension of the rubber band, for that is the variable which we are investigating. Prediction I predict that the more force you exert, the further the margarine tub will travel, however, I think that the force and distance relationship will not increase evenly, instead it would first increase rapidly, then the increase will be less significant, and then rise slightly. Scientific reason for prediction Rubber is not a material which obeys Hookes law and its extension doesnt increase uniformly. Some elastic materials are intended to absorb energy. The greater the force that is applied, more the rubber band is extended. The force in the rubber band is stored as potential energy which is reverted into kinetic energy once I have let go of it, this energy is transferred into the margarine tub as kinetic energy and therefore it moves. A stretched or compressed elastic band is capable of doing work when released. As the rubber band is released, the force that it exerts diminishes with distance. Equipment   Rubber band   Chair/stool   Rulers   An empty margarine tub   A newton meter that goes up to 10N Procedure   Loop the rubber band around the front legs of a chair. Place a margarine tub at the centre of it.   Place 2 metre rulers in a row from the position of the margarine tub. Hook a newton metre on to the centre of the rubber band and pull it back in accordance with the required force.   Release newton metre.   Measure and record the distance travelled by the tub.   Repeat for the other forces. Diagram Fig. 1 Front view of apparatus. Fig. 2 Side view of apparatus Fair test We made sure that it was a fair test by the following conditions: All tests were carried out on the same surface to minimise variations in friction, etc. All tests were carried out with the same rubber band; elasticity, energy storage potential, etc, may be different in various rubber bands.   Use the same margarine tub for all tests or the mass, size and shape may vary.   Always place the tub in the same position at the start of each experiment.   Make sure that the newton meter is always hooked at the centre of the rubber band to avoid directional change of the tub after catapulting.   Always newton meter around the same amount of rubber, eg, if the rubber band is looped around the stool, hook it around both lengths: 2 Table to show increase in distances From the average points, the graph shows a generally straight line of increase. As the force exerted increases, so does the distance which the margarine tub travels. On average, the increase from each previous (i. e. one less newton) experiment is 18. 77cm although there is a rather large difference in the range between experiments. The range of the largest increase and the smallest is 21. 4cm; the smallest increase being 7N to 8N, which was only 7cm and the largest was from 5N to 6N; which was 28. 4cm. However, ignoring any anomalies, you can see that the increase in differences between distances are normally larger in the second half of the experiments with the larger forces, than the in the first half with the smaller forces. One thing I noticed was the relationship between the distance travelled and the force exerted, there seemed to be a strong pattern forming; the distance of a certain force multiplied by 3 is more or less equal to the distanced travelled by the margarine tub at a force that is twice the size of the primary force. See Table 3. Force (N) Distance (cm) 1.Table. 3 The results show a strong relationship between each other, when the force doubles, the distance trebles. I also noticed that the relationship worked very well for the first few values but not so fittingly for the later half (larger forces). This fits well with the Force/Extension law of rubber; if the pattern had occurs throughout the results then it would mean the relationship between force and extension could be plotted as a straight line, but that is not the case. It was especially apparent with the largest results we had gained for each experiment; the line of best fit was a curved line. It does not fit my prediction because I had predicted that the increase of distance would get bigger for the larger forces, but then again, our range of forces wasnt exactly that large either. Rubber is a polymeric substance and does not obey Hookes law, force and extension of rubber is not a straight line and therefore the force that it exerts on the margarine tub does not increase evenly; force diminishes with distance and it remains elastic until it breaks. The energy stored as a material is deformed is represented by the area between the curve and extension axis. See Graph 2. Graph. 2 Graph showing the amount of energy stored in proportion to extension. Energy is never used up and in this case, it is transferred into the margarine tub, which in turn uses this energy to drive its movement. In the law about the conservation of momentum, the resultant force is based on the initial forces of the two bodies, so my results suggest that the more force I exert on pulling back the rubber band, the faster it recoils and therefore increasing its momentum, which in turn gives transfers it onto the stationary margarine tub. My predictions Evaluation I think that my results are reliable because I had repeated each experiment three times and had gotten more or less similar results and it is probably accurate seeing as it fits into a pattern and the results show up as a relatively straight line. Also, we did not move the rulers during the experiment nor the newton meter. There were anomalous results however, possibly caused by collision with dirt on the floor or an off centre impact with the tub; which may result in a change of direction or a different path of projection being taken. If I was to do this experiment again, I would change the following things:   The surface on which we were working; we were working in a rather crowded environment and the floor was not clean so there was lots of friction and this could have affected the results.   The release mechanism; I think that the way we released the rubber band could have been improved, rather than letting the whole newton meter go, we could just have a detachable part for the device could have dragged across the floor and lengthened time of impact. I would mark out the centre of the tub so that I got it exactly centre each time rather than just estimating. I would mark out the centre of the rubber bad so that I got it exactly centre each time rather than just estimating. In addition to this set of experiments, I would also like to measure the speed of the retraction of the elastic band and the extension of it so that I can incorporate it into some of the other rules of physics and see if it fits with my analysis. If I had those results I could introduce momentum into the analysis as well. I could also test out some larger forces to see if the pattern mentioned in Graph 1 actually applies in this case. The results I had attained did not quite show that pattern but it could have just been a small section of a bigger whole. To measure the speed of the retraction, I would measure the distance of the extension and time the lapse between release of the rubber band and the impact with the tub and divide the distance by the time. See Fig. 4. Fig. 4 Measuring extension.

Process Of Cross Domain Mapping Psychology Essay

Process Of Cross Domain Mapping Psychology Essay The conceptual metaphor theory studies the cognitive process of cross-domain mapping. Discuss the mechanism of metaphoric mapping. In particular, you should address the difference between linguistic metaphors and conceptual metaphors; (b) the relationship between primary metaphors and compound metaphors; and (c) the relationship between conceptual metaphors and the embodied experiences Metaphor is the phenomenon whereby we talk and think about one thing in terms of another, as when a difficult enterprise is described as a battle. (Semino, 2008, p.1) That being said, metaphor is a form of figurative language and it was viewed as a characteristic of language and words, rather than a vehicle of thought, experiences and act, like it is viewed in nowadays. The way metaphor is characterised is by the schematic form of A is B, as in Achilles is a lion (Evans and Green, p.293). In this example a word or a phrase are applied to something which is not accurately applicable, and metaphor is created. However after the 1970s, Cognitive linguists argued that metaphor is a central feature of human language. In the field of Cognitive Linguistics, where our conceptual system is examined it has been found that our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, p.3) This statement hence implies that everything we do, or think we do it in a way that it is metaphorical. According to Lakoff through the way we conceive one mental domain in relation to another, metaphor has now obtained the meaning of a cross domain mapping in the conceptual system. The aim of this essay is to introduce conceptual metaphor theory: a framework which studies the cognitive process of cross-domain mapping, and the mechanism of metaphoric mapping, as well as conceptual metaphors and the difference they have with linguistic metaphors. Also, the relationship primary and compound metaphors have as they are both derived subsecti ons of conceptual metaphors, and lastly the relationship conceptual metaphors have with embodied experiences. Cognitive Linguistics Enterprise The field or better enterprise, of Cognitive linguistics arose firstly in the early 1970s. It basically revolves around the symbolic and interactive functions of language as well as the systematic structure the language has. Cognitive linguistics enterprise has two key commitments and it also has to do with cognitive semantics and cognitive approaches to grammar. It basically examines the embodied mind and the connections the mind has with language. Cognitive linguists like other linguists attempt to describe and account for linguistic systematicity, structure and function. Nevertheless the difference from Linguistics is that for cognitive linguistics, language reflects patterns of thought; therefore, to study language is to study patterns of conceptualisation. (Evans and Green, 2006, p.20) Thus, Cognitive Linguistics deals mostly with the relationship the mind and the language share as cognitive linguists believe that through language peoples thoughts and experiences are revealed. Taking into further consideration the two key commitments in Cognitive linguistics which were introduced by George Lakoff and both distinguish Cognitive linguistics, as they make the individual enterprise it is. As it is stated by Evans and Green the Generalisation Commitment which is a commitment to the characterisation of general principles that are responsible for all aspects of human language and the Cognitive commitment which provides a characterisation of the general principles for language that corresponds with what is already known about the mind and brain from other disciplines. (Evans and Green, p.27) Both of this commitments mark the study of cognitive linguistics and they are followed by all cognitive linguists. Their importance is really great as they are the starting point and the foundation for all the methods and theories that are engaged by the two main studies of cognitive linguistics, cognitive semantics and cognitive grammar: two fields of cognitive linguistics wh ich study the mind and grammar. What is more, in Cognitive linguistics the relationship between language, mind and experience through the embodied cognition is also one of the key facts and research within cognitive linguistics. The main argument of cognitive linguistics is that the human mind and conceptual organisation are functions of the ways in which our species-specific bodies interact with the environment we inhabit. Cognitive linguistics disagree with Noam Chomsky and his theory of Generative Grammar as given the Generalisation Commitment which argues that areas of language like polysemy or metaphor share central organising theories, several areas of language are indeed foregrounded. Metaphor is a key subject of study in Cognitive Linguistics as cognitive linguistics study the relationship of language and the mind, how our thoughts are connected with our language. Metaphors are not just a stylistically attractive way of expressing ideas by means of language, but a way of thinking about things. (Ungerer and Schid, p.118) Hence, metaphor is a key subject in cognitive linguistics as metaphor reflects the way we think and also create a new meaning in several areas of our language. Conceptual Metaphor Theory As it has been stated in the title, Conceptual Metaphor Theory studies the cognitive process of cross-domain mapping, which simply means that it studies the mental course or development of metaphor. It is a framework which was firstly introduced by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980. Through this framework metaphors are created and distinguished as parts of language and speech. The basic principle of Conceptual Metaphor Theory is that metaphor is not only a literary feature of language but the way individuals think is metaphorical in general. There are some key aspects which underlie Conceptual Metaphor Theory and the way this framework emerges in Cognitive Linguistics. In short, Conceptual Metaphor Theory is concerned with the mapping of inferences from source to target (ofx, p.191) Firstly, the fact that conceptual metaphor is unidirectional, which means metaphors have one specific direction from source to target and it cannot change. This notion of unidirectionality affirms that metaphors usually move from the more concrete to a more abstract way of thinking. For instance: Secondly, is motivation for source and target. As it was stated above mappings are unidirectional and this raises the question if there is a specific pattern which can direct and point out the domains which typically operate as source and target domains. Kovecses argued that the most common domains for metaphorical mappings include domains relating to the HUMAN BODY (the heart of the problem), ANIMALS (a sly fox) and much more, and concerning the target domain he found that the most common target domains is for example the ones which consider EMOTION (she was deeply moved), THOUGHT (I see your point). Therefore, target concepts seem to be more mental, whereas source concepts can be characterized as more solid or physical. According to cognitive linguistics our basic knowledge of A is B and our natural way to experience and join the concepts creating metaphors. Moreover, metaphorical entailment is another key aspect of Conceptual Metaphor theory. Conceptual metaphors sometimes provide extra information through the metaphoric mappings which are called entailments. What is more, the fact that conceptual metaphors interact with each other, they cost the creation of complex metaphor systems, something which was found also by Lakoff and Johnson. These complex metaphor systems are collections of more schematic metaphorical mappings that structure a range of more specific metaphors like LIFE IS A JOURNEY (Evans and Green, p.229) Due to this Lakoff created a system, called the Event Structure Metaphor, illustrating metaphors which interact in the understanding of expressions. Taking the example above of the metaphor LIFE IS A JOURNEY we can acknowledge that this metaphor can create several articulate examples as it is structured from the event structure metaphor. Additionally, another key aspect of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory is the conceptual nature of metaphor. As it was stated before, in Cognitive linguistics metaphor is an indication of someones thoughts and experiences. Many conceptual theorists claim that conceptual metaphor is based in our basic experiences. Last but not least a significant idea in Conceptual metaphor theory is related to hiding and highlighting as several metaphors can hide or highlight certain information. An example is given in Evans and Greens with the metaphor AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY as this metaphor highlights the progressive and organisational aspects of arguments while hiding the confrontational aspects (Evans and green, p, 304). For example: She will follow step by step her recovery instructions. This metaphor is keen on highlighting the continuity and development the arguments has. In this way metaphors can highlight the importance of the concept. Another really important notion of conceptual metaphor theory is the theory of image schemas. The theory of image schemas is part of cognitive semantics and it is also related to metaphor as image schemas are dealing with an individuals bodily experiences and they are derived from interaction with and observation of the world.(Evans and Green, p.182) Image schemas work as a supporting structure for human thought (Oakley oxf p,214) as the basic correlations help us understand the events and actions taking place in the world around us relating some aspects of life like presence and existence. Culture-dependent evaluations differ from culture to culture as they describing the characteristics of it. According to Oakley, in a few words, an image schema is a condensed redescription of perceptual experience for the purpose of mapping spatial structure onto conceptual structure. (Oakley oxf, p.215) Therefore, image schemas help us improve our knowledge and understanding of metaphor as accord ing to Lakoff and Johnson they can function as source domains for metaphoric mapping. (Evans and Green, p.300) For example, our image-schematic concept COUNTERFORCE arises from the experience of being unable to proceed because some opposing force is resisting our attempt to move forward. (Evans and Green, p.301) According to Lakoff what is really remarkable is that peoples abstract thoughts which are enabled by metaphor, have an image-schematic and therefore embodied basis. What is more, Invariance is also an important principle of image schemas concerning some restrictions in metaphors as not all the source domains can serve and it is a principle which explains the gaps invariance principle basically explains all the gaps in conceptual metaphor theory like why DEATH cant be described metaphorically as a TEACHER but instead is described as a DESTROYER All of the above are key aspects of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory as they mark the way target and source domains work in order to create conceptual mappings. The mechanism of metaphoric mapping Mapping is a greatly important feature of Conceptual metaphor theory as it marks the way metaphors work by joining source to target domains. The mapping scope of a metaphor is best understood as a set of constraints regulating which correspondences are eligible for mapping from a source concept into a chosen target concept. The mapping scopes of metaphors reflect our conceptual experiences in dealing with the world around us (Ungerer and Schmid, p.119). That being set, according to Langacker our thoughts and experiences are organised in several domains. Domains are based on our knowledge and understanding of language and the meaning of the words. Without understanding a domain we would not be able to make any usage of the terms that apply to it. In cognitive linguistics, source domain and target domain are the two main roles that metaphors can have. Source domain is the domain of the metaphorical expressions we use and the target domain is the one that we are trying to comprehend. Th e figure below indicates the basic elements that substitute the mechanism of metaphorical mapping: the source and target concept, the mapping between them and the mapping scope. C:UsersOwnerPictures1winteruhhh8.png Figure 1 Therefore, mapping is a set of connections between essential features of the source and target domain as in order to understand a conceptual metaphor you have to be aware of the set of mappings which apply to the particular source and target combination. This mechanism of metaphoric mapping is stimulated by image schemas, discussed above as a key subject of the conceptual metaphor theory. A primary tenet of this theory is that metaphors are matter of thought and not merely of language: hence, the term  conceptual metaphor. The metaphor may seem to consist of words or other linguistic expressions that come from the terminology of the more concrete conceptual domain, but conceptual metaphors underlie a system of related metaphorical expressions that appear on the linguistic surface.   which are pre-linguistic schemas concerning space, time, moving, controlling, and other core elements of embodied human experience. is largely metaphorically constructed, and thereby reflects a  cognitive bias  unique to humans that uses embodied prototypical processes (e.g. counting, moving along a path) that are understood by all human beings through their experiences Moreover, metaphoric mappings are used in order to help us understand metaphors and the structure of our thoughts. Mapping scopes have three major components: image schemas, basic correlations and culture-dependent evaluations. Metaphoric mapping also has some major source and target concepts used. Figure 2 Major source and target concepts of metaphorical mappings Source as well as the target concepts are the foundational metaphors as they show the direction of the metaphor and all of them are the starting points for the other linguistic expressions to follow. For instance the target concept of TIME is based to the metaphor: TIME IS MONEY. This metaphor is a conceptual metaphor and it not only conceptualizes the development of the metaphoric expression but they also show how they are linked as they all follow the conceptual structure that the conceptual metaphor illustrates. According to Lakoff and Johnson in cognitive linguistics we conceptualize the notion of TIME in terms of MONEY, showing that we understand the fact that time is something valuable. The conceptual metaphor TIME IS MONEY shows that people can acknowledge the importance of time and the fact that they measure their time as something significant in their lives. What is more, the metaphor TIME IS MONEY serves as a core expression giving the direction and meaning to the linguisti c expressions that will follow. For instance: TIME IS MONEY I dont have time to see you. Is he really worth your time? It took ages to dye my hair. All of this linguistic expressions following TIME IS MONEY show an acknowledgement of the mapping structure, and the way the mapping works in terms of target and source. In Cognitive Linguistics metaphors are establishing a theoretical link, amongst a source and a target concept. What is more, there are different mapping scopes, as cognitive metaphors achieve different cognitive functions: Firstly lean mapping between specific concrete source concepts and concrete target concepts is primarily used to highlight individual aspects of the target concept. For instance giving a characterization to person as George is a lion. Secondly rich mapping The mechanism of metaphoric mapping establishes and the difference between linguistic metaphors and conceptual metaphors as conceptual metaphors are the ones who give the concept and the direction of the linguistic expression that will follow. The difference between linguistic metaphors and Conceptual metaphors Taking everything into account, as it was stated above in Cognitive linguistics, metaphor is something which exists in our everyday life and it is vital as well as fundamental. It is not just figurative language used in several poems or books but on the contrary, it is used on a regular everyday basis as our mental system grasps several concepts metaphorically. Hence, the way we think or express ourselves can be considered metaphorical. Linguistic metaphors as well as Conceptual metaphors are both a way of communicating in language. The difference that they share though is that conceptual metaphors are considered to be the foundation and the way the A is B mapping works. Linguistic metaphors are the ones that follow. Conceptual metaphors are the metaphors that conceptualize what we think and how we think as they are drawing the direction from source to target domain. They can be described as the whole idea or the metaphor which establishes the linguistic expressions that will follow afterwards and the train of thought which are constructed about as all of the expressions share something in common. Within Cognitive Linguistics the term metaphor is understood to refer to a pattern of conceptual association, rather to an individual metaphorical usage or a linguistic convention. (Grady, OXF, p.188) According to Grady in Cognitive Linguistics What really distinguishes metaphorical linguistic expressions between conceptual metaphors is the fact that all the metaphorical linguistic expressions come from language and they can, for instance imply on the term of life which is derived from the domain of journey. The corresponding conceptual metaphor that they make manifest is LIFE IS A JOURNEY. Conceptual metaphors are showed in capital letters in order to demonstrate the fact that is not used in language but instead they underlie all the metaphorical expressions listed underneath a conceptual metaphor which are the linguistic metaphors. Conceptual metaphors have two different domains. The conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual domain is called source domain, while the conceptual domain that is understood this way is the target domain. Thus, LIFE, ARGUMENTS, LOVE, THEORY and others are considered target domains, while JOURNEYS, WAR, BUILDINGS, and others are source domains . (Kovecses, p.4) We try to understand the target domain through the use of the source domain. As it was stated in the above paragraphs, in cognitive linguistics metaphor is something which exists in our everyday life and it is vital as well as central. It is not just figurative language used in several poems or books; on the contrary it is used on a regular everyday basis, when people think or speak. Conceptual metaphors can be described as the whole idea or the metaphor which establishes the linguistic expressions that will follow afterwards and the train of thought which are constructed about as all of the expressions share something in common. For instance: The relationship between primary metaphors and compound metaphors As it was examined by Murphy in 1996 Conceptual Metaphor Theory carries a problem concerning the target domain and its structure, which limits the metaphorical mappings and entailments that can apply, and at the same time that the target domain is abstract in the sense that is not clearly delineated According to Grady there are two types of conceptual metaphor: primary metaphor and compound metaphor. Both primary and compound metaphors are constituents of conceptual metaphor. Primary metaphors differ from compound metaphors but at the same time they share a relationship. According to Grady primary metaphors relate two simple concepts from distinct domains. In contrast, compound metaphors relate entire complex domains of experience. (Evans and Green, p.307) Threfore, the idea that rises is that they are both conceptual metaphors, instead primary metaphors link different concepts from different domains rather than linking entire domains like compound metaphors do. Lakoff and Johnson and Grady and Johnson claim that humans from very early on form experiential correlations, which they call primary metaphors. As instances of such basic metaphors AFFECTION IS WARMTH, DIFFICULTIES ARE BURDENS, and KNOWING IS SEEING, among others, have been proposed. A feeling of warmth is often concomitant with an affectionate embrace. The above authors see primary metaphors as the atomic building blocks of more complex metaphors. ( oxford book. Chapter 10 metonymy panther and Thornburg) p.245 The relationship between conceptual metaphors and embodied experiences Conceptual metaphors are greatly linked with our embodied experiences as our experiences help us in order to understand and conceptualize metaphors. An important observation about conceptual metaphors is that many of their source domains reflect significant patterns of bodily experience. (Gibbs Jr, 2003, 1192) For instance when we talk about love as LOVE IS A JOURNEY, we refer to the notion of love as an experience we feel, and it has a starting point, an ending or a destination. We experience the idea of love and through metaphors we express our experiences. Therefore our experiences and memories help us in order to construct conceptual metaphors in our minds. Conclusion All in all, to conclude, metaphors are part of our way of expressing ourselves, thoughts, as well as experiences, in our everyday life. Through conceptual metaphors which mark the destination and the theme of the linguistic expressions, people express their thoughts and experiences.

Role of Gertrude in Hamlet

Raquel Tuohy Mrs. Pastor AP Lit/Comp 7 April 2013 Hamlet Perhaps one of the most ambiguous characters in Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the queen, Gertrude. She is Hamlet’s mother and the wife of her dead husband’s brother, King Claudius. As the reader, we only see her briefly, but she still manages to be a central figure in Hamlet playing the role of the elusive and sometimes shallow queen. There are several questions surround the life of Queen Gertrude, starting with even before the play, having to do with the death of her husband, Hamlet’s father.When the play starts, she has already remarried to Hamlet’s Uncle Claudius within such a short amount of time. This is rather surprising and revolting to her son Hamlet, who is still grieving over the loss of his father, but it appears that his mother has already moved on. That could only suggest that perhaps Gertrude was cheating on the king with her brother and her husband’s death was all but convenien t for her. The ghost of Hamlet’s father gives his son disturbing information about the queen, calling her â€Å"that incestuous, that adulterate beast,† (Act I, Scene I).However, there is no definitive proof, nor Shakespeare ever addresses it in the play, leaving his audience with a sense of wonder about the queen’s devotion to her husband. The thing that might intrigue the reader the most about the character of Gertrude is why she married Claudius so suddenly after her husband’s death. Was it because she knew that she needed a man to help her rule? Or was the meaning behind the courtship less malevolent than it appears? There lies the most important question: was it true love or was it politics that brought Claudius and Gertrude together?Hamlet paints the picture of Gertrude as an obedient and devoted woman to his father, but his opinion transforms during the queen’s second marriage. Hamlet doesn’t understand why Gertrude, who is labeled as the â€Å"th’imperial jointress† (Act I, Scene I) to the throne of Denmark, would need to marry someone so rapidly when she already wields power in the royal family. Possibly the most haunting question about Gertrude’s character is whether or not she knows Claudius killed her first husband. This also ties in with the question about Gertrude’s fidelity.If she did cheat on the former king with Claudius than chances are she more than likely had a role in her first husband’s death. Claudius would consider her as an accomplice and confide in her, but he never does throughout Hamlet. Furthermore, Gertrude expresses strong emotions about Ophelia and Hamlet, but never for Claudius, which is strange because they are married. Claudius tells Gertrude that he loves her, but she doesn’t return the sentiment, which again is bizarre because they are husband and wife.There are no definitive textual references about Gertrude’s involvement in her firs t husband’s poisoning. It just is another element of Gertrude’s character that is shrouded in mystery. One redeeming quality about the queen is her unwavering loyalty to Hamlet. She loves her son despite his obvious hostility towards her for marrying Claudius. Plus, Gertrude continues to stand behind him even when he lashes out at her, saying the worse possible things a son could say to his mother.When Hamlet kills Polonius in a moment of madness, Gertrude realizes that she has to tell the king that her son was the one who committed the murder, but she lies to her husband to protect her son. She tells Claudius that Hamlet is contrite and â€Å"weeps for what he has done† (Act IV, Scene I), in order to lessen the punishment that is sure to be inflicted on Hamlet by Claudius. In the final scene of the play, Gertrude expresses her deep concern for Hamlet when he wants to duel Laertes who is grieving over the loss of his father and sister and blames Hamlet for their deaths.At the end of the duel, Gertrude even drinks the wine for Hamlet, not knowing it is laden with poison. Or does she? It is still debated by scholars whether Gertrude knew the wine was toxic or not, but regardless, she didn’t have to drink it. She drank it for Hamlet because her maternal instincts triumphed over Claudius’ warning to leave the poisonous glass of wine alone. Another issue that comes up time in time again in Shakespeare’s play is Hamlet’s fascination, boarding on obsession, with Gertrude’s sex life. It’s trange for a son to be interested in what his mother does behind closed doors, but this piqued curiosity seemed to have started around the time of Gertrude’s second marriage to Claudius. Early on in the play, the reader learns that Hamlet is shaken by his mother’s hasty marriage to Claudius, leading Hamlet to believe that the world is contaminated, like an â€Å"unweeded garden† that’s â€Å"g ross and rank in nature† (Act I, Scene 2). Hamlet’s opinion of his mother may color the reader’s view of Gertrude, seeing her as a vile woman who jumps from one man to the next.There are more questions than answers surrounding Gertrude, the queen of Denmark. We don’t know if she was unfaithful or if she was complicit with Claudius in the murder of her first husband. However, the one attribute in Gertrude that nobody can dispute is the depth of love that she posses for her son. Gertrude is Shakespeare’s most mysterious character because she in intricately woven throughout the play, but her motives remain unclear to the readers.

Major Competitors for Toyota Company

Major Competitors for TOYOTA Company Toyota Motor, among the world's largest automotive manufacturers by auto sales, designs and manufactures a diverse product line-up that  ranges from  subcompacts to luxury and sports vehicles to SUVs, trucks, minivans, and buses. Its vehicles are produced  either  with combustion or hybrid engines,  as with  the  Prius. Toyota's subsidiaries also manufacture vehicles: Daihatsu Motor  produces mini-vehicles, while  Hino Motors  produces  trucks and buses. Additionally, Toyota makes automotive parts for its own use and for  sale to  others.Popular models include the Camry, Corolla, Land Cruiser, and luxury Lexus line, as well as the Tundra truck. Ford Motor Company is the second-largest automobile company in the world. Ford's main focus is automobiles; however, they also operate in Ford Credit and Hertz Corporation. Ford also has controlling interest in Mazda Motor Corporation. Ford was established June, 1903; in an old wag on factory in Detroit Michigan. In 1903, Ford began production on a two-cylinder, 8 horsepower called the Model A. They produced a total of 1,708 of these cars in their first year of operation.Toyota Motor Corporation was Japan's largest car company. Toyota ranked the world’s third largest by the year 2000. The company could produce near five million car units annually in the 1990s and controlled approximately 10 percent of the global market. Toyota was founded by a man named Kiichiro Toyoda in 1933. He did not produce his first car until 1935. By this time General Motors and Ford were already operating in Japan. Both companies are manufactures of cars which are sold in the United States. One is made in Japan and the other in the United States.They are both a financially well because of the popularity of their cars. The accounting criteria's that they both face are different because of the foreign rules and regulations. Both companies are faced with their own set of rules tha t have to be followed, but Toyota is faced with more issues since they sell their cars in the United States. Toyota's  recent string of troubles – from multiple  recalls  over unintended acceleration to a new report this morning that their popular  Prius hybrid  could have problems with its  braking system  Ã¢â‚¬â€ created a series of questions in the minds of their owners.Where the public might have previously thought that recall problems were the bastion of the domestics and  safety issues were permanently in our rear view mirrors after decades of innovation and pressure from the U. S. Department of Transportation, now it appears that there's a new world order: could Toyota be, after all, mortal? Where some previously believed the company could do no wrong, there does now exist a void. A few competitors have a crystal clear idea of how to fill that void.In the wake of the recent unintended acceleration recall, all manner of competitors have created specific sales campaigns to target Toyota owners. General Motors,  Ford,  Chrysler  and  Hyundai  have all stepped up to offer official  rebates  to current Toyota owners, while other brands such as  Mazda  are specifically targeting Toyota owners through some savvy keyword advertising on the web. All in all it spells out one message: Toyota owners might – for the first time in a long time – consider another brand and if they do, some manufacturers want it to be their brand and theirs alone.

6 Job Skills You Need To Be A Sales Associate

6 Job Skills You Need To Be A Sales Associate So you want to make it as a sales associate. If you’re looking for a position in the current economy, you’re going to want to be as marketable as possible to rise above your competition. Given the broad responsibilities that will likely end up being yours, you’ll want to be as versatile as possible; that way you can work anywhere. Here are some of the most important skills you’ll need. Keep in mind that many of these skills might be things you’ve already accumulated by work experience in other fields- or just your natural inclinations. Keep an open mind as to how to adapt your existing skills to the sales field- or how to beef up any arenas in which you may be lacking.1. OrganizationNot to be underestimated. You’ll be providing customer service, keeping track of customers and preferences, as well as the preferred filing, inventory, and documentation systems for your company. You might even be tasked with ensuring that merchandise is displayed well, which requires a certain amount of visual/spacial organizational skills.2. Money HandlingYou’ll want to be well versed in monetary transactions, particularly if you plan to be a cashier or handle payments. Be adept at money-tracking software programs, and have a bit of fast math in your head for making change. And learn to handle credit card transactions.3. CommunicationThis applies not just to within your colleagues, but also to your customer or client base. You’ll need to be good in all forms of communication: verbal, written, and visual. Communication skills are necessary for customer relations and also for surprising tasks like record keeping.4. SellingSales requires you to sell things. Bottom line. If you don’t have these skills, you’d better acquire them fast- or start looking for work in a different field. You’ll want to rely on your communication skills, plus your attention to detail, and you’ll also want to make sure you real ly know your product inside and out. Basic accounting and stock knowledge are a plus. But people skills, i.e. your interpersonal skills and fluency, are tantamount.5. LiteracyYou will need to write and speak, and you will be judged by your ability to do so clearly, effectively, and persuasively. You’ll also want to be literate in basic math and technology. Basically: never let a customer get the impression that they’re smarter than you at any point during your interaction. As the point of contact, and the liaison with other team members and your company at large, you’ll need to be effective when you transmit information.6. Personal MasteryIf you’re not the kind of person who’s always striving to be better- to look better, to think faster, to do better- then sales might not be the most ideal fit for you. Start cultivating your enthusiasm, flexibility, positivity, cleanliness, punctuality, team focus, politeness, persuasiveness, multitasking skills, friendliness, and efficiency. Keep honing your best personal attributes, working to compensate for weaknesses, learning new things, knowing more, doing more, developing your talents, and you’ll go far.

Battle of Brandy Station in the Civil War

Battle of Brandy Station in the Civil War Battle of Brandy Station - Conflict Date: The Battle of Brandy Station was fought June 9, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Alfred Pleasonton11,000 men Confederate Major General J.E.B. Stuart9,500 men Battle of Brandy Station - Background: In the wake of his stunning victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Confederate General Robert E. Lee began making preparations to invade the North. Prior to embarking on this operation, he moved to consolidate his army near Culpeper, VA. Early June 1863, the corps of Lieutenant General James Longstreet and Richard Ewell had arrived while the Confederate cavalry, led by Major General J.E.B. Stuart screened to the east. Moving his five brigades into camp around Brandy Station, the dashing Stuart requested a full field review of his troops by Lee. Scheduled for June 5, this saw Stuarts men move through a simulated battle near Inlet Station. As Lee proved unable to attend on June 5, this review was re-staged in his presence three days later, though without the mock battle. While impressive to behold, many criticized Stuart for needlessly tiring his men and horses. With the conclusion of these activities, Lee issued orders for Stuart to cross the Rappahannock River the next day and raid advanced Union positions. Understanding that Lee intended to begin his offensive shortly, Stuart moved his men back into camp to prepare for the next day. Battle of Brandy Station - Pleasontons Plan: Across the Rappahannock, the commander of the Army of the Potomac, Major General Joseph Hooker, sought to ascertain Lees intentions. Believing that the Confederate concentration at Culpeper signaled a threat to his supply lines, he summoned his cavalry chief, Major General Alfred Pleasonton, and ordered him to conduct a spoiling attack to disperse the Confederates at Brandy Station. To assist with the operation, Pleasonton was given two select brigades of infantry led by Brigadier Generals Adelbert Ames and David A. Russell. Though the Union cavalry had performed poorly to date, Pleasonton devised a daring plan which called for dividing his command into two wings. The Right Wing, consisting of Brigadier General John Bufords 1st Cavalry Division, a Reserve Brigade led by Major Charles J. Whiting, and Ames men, was to cross the Rappahannock at Beverlys Ford and advance south toward Brandy Station. The Left Wing, led by Brigadier General David McM. Gregg, was to cross to the east at Kellys Ford and attack from the east and south to catch the Confederates in a double envelopment. Battle of Brandy Station - Stuart Surprised: Around 4:30 AM on June 9, Bufords men, accompanied by Pleasonton, began crossing the river in a thick fog. Quickly overwhelming the Confederate pickets at Beverlys Ford, the pushed south. Alerted to the threat by this engagement, the stunned men of Brigadier General William E. Grumble Jones brigade rushed to the scene. Barely prepared for battle, they succeeded in briefly holding up Bufords advance. This allowed Stuarts Horse Artillery, which had nearly been taken unawares, to escape south and establish a position on two knolls flanking the Beverlys Ford Road (Map). While Jones men fell back to a position on the right of the road, Brigadier General Wade Hamptons brigade formed on the left. As the fighting escalated, the 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry unsuccessfully charged forward in an attempt to take the Confederate guns near St. James Church. As his men fought around the church, Buford began probing for a way around the Confederate left. These endeavors led him to encounter Brigadier General W.H.F. Rooney Lees brigade which had assumed a position behind a stone wall in front of Yew Ridge. In heavy fighting, Bufords men succeeded in driving Lee back and taking the position. Battle of Brandy Station - A Second Surprise: As Buford advanced against Lee, Union troopers engaging the St. James Church line were stunned to see Jones and Hamptons men retreating. This movement was in reaction to the arrival of Greggs column from Kellys Ford. Having crossed early that morning with his 3rd Cavalry Division, Colonel Alfred Duffià ©s small 2nd Cavalry Division, and Russells brigade, Gregg had been blocked from advancing directly on Brandy Station by Brigadier General Beverly H. Robertsons brigade which had taken a position on the Kellys Ford Road. Shifting south, he succeeded in finding an unguarded road which led into Stuarts rear. Advancing, Colonel Percy Wyndhams brigade led Greggs force into Brandy Station around 11:00 AM. Gregg was separated from Bufords fight by a large rise to the north known as Fleetwood Hill. The site of Stuarts headquarters before the battle, the hill was largely unoccupied except for a lone Confederate howitzer. Opening fire, it caused the Union troops to pause briefly. This permitted a messenger to reach Stuart and inform him of the new threat. As Wyndhams men began their attack up the hill, they were met by Jones troops riding in from St. James. Church (Map). Moving to join the battle, the Colonel Judson Kilpatricks brigade moved east and assaulted the south slope of Fleetwood. This attack was met by Hamptons arriving men. The battle soon deteriorated into a series of bloody charges and countercharges as both sides sought control of Fleetwood Hill. The fighting ended with Stuarts men in possession. Having been engaged by Confederate troops near Stevensburg, Duffià ©s men arrived too late to alter the outcome on the hill. To the north, Buford maintained pressure on Lee, forcing him to retreat to the hills northern slopes. Reinforced late in the day, Lee counterattacked Buford but found that the Union troops were already departing as Pleasonton had ordered a general withdrawal near sunset. Battle of Brandy Station - Aftermath: Union casualties in the fighting numbered 907 while the Confederates sustained 523. Among the wounded was Rooney Lee who was later captured on June 26. Though the fighting was largely inconclusive, it marked a turning point for the much-maligned Union cavalry. For the first time during the war, they matched their Confederate counterparts skill on the battlefield. In the wake of the battle, Pleasonton was criticized by some for not pressing home his attacks to destroy Stuarts command. He defended himself by stating that his orders had been for a reconnaissance in force toward Culpeper. Following the battle, an embarrassed Stuart attempted to claim victory on the grounds that the enemy had departed the field. This did little to hide the fact that he had been badly surprised and caught unawares by the Union attack. Chastised in the Southern press, his performance continued to suffer as he made key mistakes during the upcoming Gettysburg Campaign. The Battle of Brandy Station was the largest predominantly cavalry engagement of the war as well as the largest fought on American soil. Selected Sources National Park Service: Battle of Brandy Station CWPT: Battle of Brandy Station

Two Jumbos Collide in Canary Islands Crash of the Century Research Paper

Two Jumbos Collide in Canary Islands Crash of the Century - Research Paper Example Countless deaths and many high profile airplane accidents took place (Marcellin, 2014). The ensuing investigation of United 173 and the fatal Tenerife crash on the taxi driveway gave in to a new era in aviation. A common factor was highlighted as the cause for all these accidents - Human factor. The human factor introduced Crew Resource Management (CRM) to minimize airline accidents (Federal Aviation Administration). Investigators identified human error as the accelerators of these 70s aviation accidents. Inaccurate communication between the controllers and stringent aviation rules (clock time) as the case of KLM and Dutch air were the most ingredients of Tenerife Clash. Studies by NASA-supported the findings of the investigators listing Leadership, Team Coordination, and Decision Making as the crew errors (Marcellin, 2014). The aviation community adjusted their operations by creating an international standard to study and implement notions that eventually become the core of aviation safety. The human factor was incorporated into flight training with the focus of reducing human errors and optimizing human performance. CRM and Human factor integration has many components including Software (Rules, SOP), Hardware (Aircraft components, design), Environment (Weather, social influences), and Liveware (human element). The liveware is the centre core in modern air operation integrating directly all other factors. It is also the most error-prone and that was the sole evidence to optimize interaction between central human operator (Pilot Flying), the plane, and everyone in the aviation system during the performance of tasks (Marcellin, 2014). The interactions performance and influence behaviour positively and negatively. They include Leadership, Crew cooperation, coordination and communication, Teamwork and Interpersonal relation, Personality and attitude interactions. The interactions were recommended by FAA, and ICAO, which

Innovating the process of Custom-made Thobe by the use of technology Essay

Innovating the process of Custom-made Thobe by the use of technology - Essay Example Being custom-made, the thobe is highly unique for each customer. This is particularly true in the recent years where the process of buying a thobe has changed from just having to choose a fabric and take the size measurements, to advanced levels of specialization that are inherent in the modern process. Today a customer has to choose the color, fabric material, sleeves, collar, number of pockets, design and button style. This whole new and continuously updated process expanded the thobe market, increased the number of thobe stores and designers, and most of all, increased the need to buy thobes more frequently. In addition, these differences in styles and colors forced each customer to buy more than double the number he usually buys each year. Now he can have a different style for every occasion: work, formal look, in house, family and friends. The customer must first select a place to make his costumed thobe. This is usually done by random selection or based on advertisements or recommendations from other people. The customer then picks the fabric material, fabric colors, as well as other details including button shape and size; the shop’s staff records these specifications manually. Next, the customer goes through the measurement process where a staff from the shop makes size measurements using a measuring tape. Finally, the customer makes a down payment. Each tailor shop operates independently and relies on its own resources. For example, each tailor shop has their own garments, fabric, and staff who take body measurements. There are also tailors who work on the orders in the production facility, and some shops have their own exclusive and branded designs. The body size measurement process can be very time consuming for customers, especially when there are a lot of them waiting their turn. In many cases, new customers know how long the process could take. Therefore, if there are a number of customers being served, they are most